Updated Mar 23, 2025 312-50v13 Exam Dumps - PDF Questions and Testing Engine [Q137-Q160]

Updated Mar 23, 2025 312-50v13  Exam Dumps - PDF Questions and Testing Engine

New (2025) ECCouncil 312-50v13  Exam Dumps

NEW QUESTION # 137
You are tasked to perform a penetration test. While you are performing information gathering, you find an employee list in Google. You find the receptionist's email, and you send her an email changing the source email to her boss's email (boss@company). In this email, you ask for a pdf with information. She reads your email and sends back a pdf with links. You exchange the pdf links with your malicious links (these links contain malware) and send back the modified pdf, saying that the links don't work. She reads your email, opens the links, and her machine gets infected. You now have access to the company network. What testing method did you use?

• A. Social engineering
• B. Piggybacking
• C. Tailgating
• D. Eavesdropping

Answer: A

Explanation:
Social engineering is the term used for a broad range of malicious activities accomplished through human interactions. It uses psychological manipulation to trick users into making security mistakes or giving away sensitive information.
Social engineering attacks typically involve some form of psychological manipulation, fooling otherwise unsuspecting users or employees into handing over confidential or sensitive data. Commonly, social engineering involves email or other communication that invokes urgency, fear, or similar emotions in the victim, leading the victim to promptly reveal sensitive information, click a malicious link, or open a malicious file. Because social engineering involves a human element, preventing these attacks can be tricky for enterprises.

NEW QUESTION # 138
Chandler works as a pen-tester in an IT-firm in New York. As a part of detecting viruses in the systems, he uses a detection method where the anti-virus executes the malicious codes on a virtual machine to simulate CPU and memory activities. Which type of virus detection method did Chandler use in this context?

• A. Heuristic Analysis
• B. Integrity checking
• C. Code Emulation
• D. Scanning

Answer: C

NEW QUESTION # 139
Upon establishing his new startup, Tom hired a cloud service provider (CSP) but was dissatisfied with their service and wanted to move to another CSP.
What part of the contract might prevent him from doing so?

• A. Lock-down
• B. Lock-in
• C. Virtualization
• D. Lock-up

Answer: B

Explanation:
Lock-in reflects the inability of the client to migrate from one CSP to another or in-house systems owing to the lack of tools, procedures, standard data formats, applications, and service portability. This threat is related to the inappropriate selection of a CSP, incomplete and non-transparent terms of use, lack of standard mechanisms, etc. (P.2884/2868)

NEW QUESTION # 140
An ethical hacker is hired to conduct a comprehensive network scan of a large organization that strongly suspects potential intrusions into their internal systems. The hacker decides to employ a combination of scanning tools to obtain a detailed understanding of the network. Which sequence of actions would provide the most comprehensive information about the network's status?

• A. Start with Hping3 for a UDP scan on random ports, then use Nmap for a version detection scan, and finally use Metasploit to exploit detected vulnerabilities
• B. Begin with NetScanTools Pro for a general network scan, then use Nmap for OS detection and version detection, and finally perform an SYN flooding with Hping3
• C. Initiate with Nmap for a ping sweep, then use Metasploit to scan for open ports and services, and finally use Hping3 to perform remote OS fingerprinting
• D. Use Hping3 for an ICMP ping scan on the entire subnet, then use Nmap for a SYN scan on identified active hosts, and finally use Metasploit to exploit identified vulnerabilities

Answer: D

Explanation:
The sequence of actions that would provide the most comprehensive information about the network's status is to use Hping3 for an ICMP ping scan on the entire subnet, then use Nmap for a SYN scan on identified active hosts, and finally use Metasploit to exploit identified vulnerabilities. This sequence of actions works as follows:
* Use Hping3 for an ICMP ping scan on the entire subnet: This action is used to discover the active hosts on the network by sending ICMP echo request packets to each possible IP address on the subnet and waiting for ICMP echo reply packets from the hosts. Hping3 is a command-line tool that can craft and send custom packets, such as TCP, UDP, or ICMP, and analyze the responses. By using Hping3 for an ICMP ping scan, the hacker can quickly and efficiently identify the live hosts on the network, as well as their response times and packet loss rates12.
* Use Nmap for a SYN scan on identified active hosts: This action is used to scan the open ports and services on the active hosts by sending TCP SYN packets to a range of ports and analyzing the TCP responses. Nmap is a popular and powerful tool that can perform various types of network scans, such as port scanning, service detection, OS detection, and vulnerability scanning. By using Nmap for a SYN scan, the hacker can determine the state of the ports on the active hosts, such as open, closed, filtered, or unfiltered, as well as the services and protocols running on them. A SYN scan is also known as a stealth scan, as it does not complete the TCP three-way handshake and thus avoids logging on the target system34.
* Use Metasploit to exploit identified vulnerabilities: This action is used to exploit the vulnerabilities on the active hosts by using pre-built or custom modules that leverage the open ports and services.
Metasploit is a framework that contains a collection of tools and modules for penetration testing and exploitation. By using Metasploit, the hacker can launch various attacks on the active hosts, such as remote code execution, privilege escalation, or backdoor installation, and gain access to the target system or data. Metasploit can also be used to perform post-exploitation tasks, such as gathering information, maintaining persistence, or pivoting to other systems .
The other options are not as comprehensive as option B for the following reasons:
* A. Initiate with Nmap for a ping sweep, then use Metasploit to scan for open ports and services, and finally use Hping3 to perform remote OS fingerprinting: This option is not optimal because it does not use the tools in the most efficient and effective way. Nmap can perform a ping sweep, but it is slower and less flexible than Hping3, which can craft and send custom packets. Metasploit can scan for open ports and services, but it is more suitable for exploitation than scanning, and it relies on Nmap for port scanning anyway. Hping3 can perform remote OS fingerprinting, but it is less accurate and reliable than Nmap, which can use various techniques and probes to determine the OS type and version13 .
* C. Start with Hping3 for a UDP scan on random ports, then use Nmap for a version detection scan, and finally use Metasploit to exploit detected vulnerabilities: This option is not effective because it does not use the best scanning methods and techniques. Hping3 can perform a UDP scan, but it is slower and less reliable than a TCP scan, as UDP is a connectionless protocol that does not always generate responses. Scanning random ports is also inefficient and incomplete, as it may miss important ports or services. Nmap can perform a version detection scan, but it is more useful to perform a port scan first, as it can narrow down the scope and speed up the scan. Metasploit can exploit detected vulnerabilities, but it is not clear how the hacker can identify the vulnerabilities without performing a vulnerability scan first13 .
* D. Begin with NetScanTools Pro for a general network scan, then use Nmap for OS detection and version detection, and finally perform an SYN flooding with Hping3: This option is not comprehensive because it does not cover all the aspects and objectives of a network scan. NetScanTools Pro is a graphical tool that can perform various network tasks, such as ping, traceroute, DNS lookup, or port scan, but it is less powerful and versatile than Nmap or Hping3, which can perform more advanced and customized scans. Nmap can perform OS detection and version detection, but it is more useful to perform a port scan first, as it can provide more information and insights into the target system. Performing an SYN flooding with Hping3 is not a network scan, but a denial-of-service attack, which can disrupt the network and alert the target system, and it is not an ethical or legal action for a hired hacker13 .
References:
* 1: Hping - Wikipedia
* 2: Hping3 Examples - NetworkProGuide
* 3: Nmap - Wikipedia
* 4: Nmap Tutorial: From Discovery to Exploits - Part 1: Introduction to Nmap | HackerTarget.com
* : Metasploit Project - Wikipedia
* : Metasploit Unleashed - Offensive Security
* : NetScanTools Pro - Northwest Performance Software, Inc.

NEW QUESTION # 141
in this attack, an adversary tricks a victim into reinstalling an already-in-use key. This is achieved by manipulating and replaying cryptographic handshake messages. When the victim reinstall the key, associated parameters such as the incremental transmit packet number and receive packet number are reset to their initial values. What is this attack called?

• A. Chop chop attack
• B. Evil twin
• C. KRACK
• D. Wardriving

Answer: C

Explanation:
In this attack KRACK is an acronym for Key Reinstallation Attack. KRACK may be a severe replay attack on Wi-Fi Protected Access protocol (WPA2), which secures your Wi-Fi connection. Hackers use KRACK to take advantage of a vulnerability in WPA2. When in close range of a possible victim, attackers can access and skim encrypted data using KRACK.
How KRACK WorksYour Wi-Fi client uses a four-way handshake when attempting to attach to a protected network. The handshake confirms that both the client - your smartphone, laptop, et cetera - and therefore the access point share the right credentials, usually a password for the network. This establishes the Pairwise passkey (PMK), which allows for encoding .Overall, this handshake procedure allows for quick logins and connections and sets up a replacement encryption key with each connection. this is often what keeps data secure on Wi-Fi connections, and every one protected Wi-Fi connections use the four-way handshake for security. This protocol is that the reason users are encouraged to use private or credential-protected Wi-Fi instead of public connections.KRACK affects the third step of the handshake, allowing the attacker to control and replay the WPA2 encryption key to trick it into installing a key already in use. When the key's reinstalled, other parameters related to it - the incremental transmit packet number called the nonce and therefore the replay counter - are set to their original values.Rather than move to the fourth step within the four-way handshake, nonce resets still replay transmissions of the third step. This sets up the encryption protocol for attack, and counting on how the attackers replay the third-step transmissions, they will take down Wi-Fi security.
Why KRACK may be a ThreatThink of all the devices you employ that believe Wi-Fi. it isn't almost laptops and smartphones; numerous smart devices now structure the web of Things (IoT). due to the vulnerability in WPA2, everything connected to Wi-Fi is in danger of being hacked or hijacked.Attackers using KRACK can gain access to usernames and passwords also as data stored on devices. Hackers can read emails and consider photos of transmitted data then use that information to blackmail users or sell it on the Dark Web.Theft of stored data requires more steps, like an HTTP content injection to load malware into the system. Hackers could conceivably take hold of any device used thereon Wi-Fi connection. Because the attacks require hackers to be on the brink of the target, these internet security threats could also cause physical security threats.On the opposite hand, the necessity to be in close proximity is that the only excellent news associated with KRACK, as meaning a widespread attack would be extremely difficult.Victims are specifically targeted. However, there are concerns that a experienced attacker could develop the talents to use HTTP content injection to load malware onto websites to make a more widespread affect.
Everyone is in danger from KRACK vulnerability. Patches are available for Windows and iOS devices, but a released patch for Android devices is currently in question (November 2017). There are issues with the discharge , and lots of question if all versions and devices are covered.The real problem is with routers and IoT devices. These devices aren't updated as regularly as computer operating systems, and for several devices, security flaws got to be addressed on the manufacturing side. New devices should address KRACK, but the devices you have already got in your home probably aren't protected.
The best protection against KRACK is to make sure any device connected to Wi-Fi is patched and updated with the newest firmware. that has checking together with your router's manufacturer periodically to ascertain if patches are available.
The safest connection option may be a private VPN, especially when publicly spaces. If you would like a VPN for private use, avoid free options, as they need their own security problems and there'll even be issues with HTTPs. Use a paid service offered by a trusted vendor like Kaspersky. Also, more modern networks use WPA3 for better security.Avoid using public Wi-Fi, albeit it's password protection. That password is out there to almost anyone, which reduces the safety level considerably.All the widespread implications of KRACK and therefore the WPA2 vulnerability aren't yet clear. what's certain is that everybody who uses Wi- Fi is in danger and wishes to require precautions to guard their data and devices.

NEW QUESTION # 142
OpenSSL on Linux servers includes a command line tool for testing TLS. What is the name of the tool and the correct syntax to connect to a web server?

• A. openssl s_client -connect www.website.com:443
• B. openssl_client -connect www.website.com:443
• C. openssl_client -site www.website.com:443
• D. openssl s_client -site www.website.com:443

Answer: A

NEW QUESTION # 143
To determine if a software program properly handles a wide range of invalid input, a form of automated testing can be used to randomly generate invalid input in an attempt to crash the program.
What term is commonly used when referring to this type of testing?

• A. Bounding
• B. Randomizing
• C. Mutating
• D. Fuzzing

Answer: D

NEW QUESTION # 144
What is the following command used for?
sqlmap.py-u
,,http://10.10.1.20/?p=1
&forumaction=search" -dbs

• A. Searching database statements at the IP address given
• B. Creating backdoors using SQL injection
• C. Retrieving SQL statements being executed on the database
• D. A Enumerating the databases in the DBMS for the URL

Answer: D

NEW QUESTION # 145
Which of the following is a passive wireless packet analyzer that works on Linux-based systems?

• A. Kismet
• B. tshark
• C. Burp Suite
• D. OpenVAS

Answer: B

NEW QUESTION # 146
You are the lead cybersecurity analyst at a multinational corporation that uses a hybrid encryption system to secure inter-departmental communications. The system uses RSA encryption for key exchange and AES for data encryption, taking advantage of the strengths of both asymmetric and symmetric encryption. Each RSA key pair has a size of 'n' bits, with larger keys providing more security at the cost of slower performance. The time complexity of generating an RSA key pair is O(n*2), and AES encryption has a time complexity of O(n).
An attacker has developed a quantum algorithm with time complexity O((log n)*2) to crack RSA encryption.
Given *n=4000' and variable 'AES key size', which scenario is likely to provide the best balance of security and performance?

• A. AES key size=512 bits: This configuration provides the highest level of security but at a significant performance cost due to the large AES key size.
• B. AES key size=256 bits: This configuration provides a high level of security, but RSA key generation may be slow.
• C. AES key size=192 bits: This configuration is a balance between options A and B, providing moderate security and performance.
• D. AES key size=128 bits: This configuration provides less security than option A, but RSA key generation and AES encryption will be faster.

Answer: D

Explanation:
A hybrid encryption system is a system that combines the advantages of both asymmetric and symmetric encryption algorithms. Asymmetric encryption, such as RSA, uses a pair of keys: a public key and a private key, which are mathematically related but not identical. Asymmetric encryption can provide key exchange, authentication, and non-repudiation, but it is slower and less efficient than symmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption, such as AES, uses a single key to encrypt and decrypt data. Symmetric encryption is faster and more efficient than asymmetric encryption, but it requires a secure way to share the key.
In a hybrid encryption system, RSA encryption is used for key exchange, and AES encryption is used for data encryption. This way, the system can benefit from the security of RSA and the speed of AES. However, the system also depends on the key sizes of both algorithms, which affect the security and performance of the system.
The key size of RSA encryption determines the number of bits in the public and private keys. The larger the key size, the more secure the encryption, but also the slower the key generation and encryption/decryption processes. The time complexity of generating an RSA key pair is O(n*2), where n is the key size in bits. This means that the time required to generate an RSA key pair increases quadratically with the key size. For example, if it takes 1 second to generate a 1024-bit RSA key pair, it will take 4 seconds to generate a 2048-bit RSA key pair, and 16 seconds to generate a 4096-bit RSA key pair.
The key size of AES encryption determines the number of bits in the symmetric key. The larger the key size, the more secure the encryption, but also the more rounds of encryption/decryption are needed. The time complexity of AES encryption is O(n), where n is the key size in bits. This means that the time required to encrypt/decrypt data increases linearly with the key size. For example, if it takes 1 second to encrypt/decrypt data with a 128-bit AES key, it will take 2 seconds to encrypt/decrypt data with a 256-bit AES key, and 4 seconds to encrypt/decrypt data with a 512-bit AES key.
An attacker has developed a quantum algorithm with time complexity O((log n)*2) to crack RSA encryption.
This means that the time required to break RSA encryption decreases exponentially with the key size. For example, if it takes 1 second to break a 1024-bit RSA encryption, it will take 0.25 seconds to break a 2048-bit RSA encryption, and 0.0625 seconds to break a 4096-bit RSA encryption. This makes RSA encryption vulnerable to quantum attacks, unless the key size is very large.
Given n=4000 and variable AES key size, the scenario that is likely to provide the best balance of security and performance is C. AES key size=192 bits. This configuration is a compromise between options A and B, providing moderate security and performance. Option A, AES key size=128 bits, provides less security than option C, but RSA key generation and AES encryption will be faster. Option B, AES key size=256 bits, provides more security than option C, but RSA key generation may be slow. Option D, AES key size=512 bits, provides the highest level of security, but at a significant performance cost due to the large AES key size.
References:
* Hybrid cryptosystem - Wikipedia
* RSA (cryptosystem) - Wikipedia
* Advanced Encryption Standard - Wikipedia
* Quantum computing and cryptography - Wikipedia

NEW QUESTION # 147
Let's imagine three companies (A, B and C), all competing in a challenging global environment. Company A and B are working together in developing a product that will generate a major competitive advantage for them. Company A has a secure DNS server while company B has a DNS server vulnerable to spoofing. With a spoofing attack on the DNS server of company B, company C gains access to outgoing e-mails from company B. How do you prevent DNS spoofing?

• A. Disable DNS Zone Transfer
• B. Install DNS Anti-spoofing
• C. Install DNS logger and track vulnerable packets
• D. Disable DNS timeouts

Answer: B

NEW QUESTION # 148
When configuring wireless on his home router, Javik disables SSID broadcast. He leaves authentication
"open" but sets the SSID to a 32-character string of random letters and numbers.
What is an accurate assessment of this scenario from a security perspective?

• A. It is still possible for a hacker to connect to the network after sniffing the SSID from a successful wireless association.
• B. Javik's router is still vulnerable to wireless hacking attempts because the SSID broadcast setting can be enabled using a specially crafted packet sent to the hardware address of the access point.
• C. Since the SSID is required in order to connect, the 32-character string is sufficient to prevent brute- force attacks.
• D. Disabling SSID broadcast prevents 802.11 beacons from being transmitted from the access point, resulting in a valid setup leveraging "security through obscurity".

Answer: A

NEW QUESTION # 149
What is a NULL scan?

• A. A scan in which all flags are turned off
• B. A scan in which certain flags are off
• C. A scan in which all flags are on
• D. A scan with an illegal packet size
• E. A scan in which the packet size is set to zero

Answer: A

NEW QUESTION # 150
Which of the following is a component of a risk assessment?

• A. Physical security
• B. Logical interface
• C. DMZ
• D. Administrative safeguards

Answer: D

NEW QUESTION # 151
Mary found a high vulnerability during a vulnerability scan and notified her server team. After analysis, they sent her proof that a fix to that issue had already been applied. The vulnerability that Marry found is called what?

• A. False-negative
• B. Brute force attack
• C. Backdoor
• D. False-positive

Answer: D

Explanation:
https://www.infocyte.com/blog/2019/02/16/cybersecurity-101-what-you-need-to-know-about-false-positives- and-false-negatives/ False positives are mislabeled security alerts, indicating there is a threat when in actuality, there isn't. These false/non-malicious alerts (SIEM events) increase noise for already over-worked security teams and can include software bugs, poorly written software, or unrecognized network traffic.
False negatives are uncaught cyber threats - overlooked by security tooling because they're dormant, highly sophisticated (i.e. file-less or capable of lateral movement) or the security infrastructure in place lacks the technological ability to detect these attacks.

NEW QUESTION # 152
what is the port to block first in case you are suspicious that an loT device has been compromised?

• A. 0
• B. 1
• C. 2
• D. 3

Answer: D

Explanation:
TCP port 48101 uses the Transmission management Protocol. transmission control protocol is one in all the most protocols in TCP/IP networks. transmission control protocol could be a connection-oriented protocol, it needs acknowledgement to line up end-to-end communications. only a association is about up user's knowledge may be sent bi-directionally over the association.
Attention! transmission control protocol guarantees delivery of knowledge packets on port 48101 within the same order during which they were sent. bonded communication over transmission control protocol port
48101 is that the main distinction between transmission control protocol and UDP. UDP port 48101 wouldn't have bonded communication as transmission control protocol.
UDP on port 48101 provides Associate in Nursing unreliable service and datagrams might arrive duplicated, out of order, or missing unexpectedly. UDP on port 48101 thinks that error checking and correction isn't necessary or performed within the application, avoiding the overhead of such process at the network interface level.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) could be a borderline message-oriented Transport Layer protocol (protocol is documented in IETF RFC 768).
Application examples that always use UDP: vocalisation IP (VoIP), streaming media and period multiplayer games. several internet applications use UDP, e.g. the name System (DNS), the Routing info Protocol (RIP), the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), the straightforward Network Management Protocol (SNMP).

NEW QUESTION # 153
What is the role of test automation in security testing?

• A. Test automation is not usable in security due to the complexity of the tests.
• B. It is an option but it tends to be very expensive.
• C. It can accelerate benchmark tests and repeat them with a consistent test setup. But it cannot replace manual testing completely.
• D. It should be used exclusively. Manual testing is outdated because of low speed and possible test setup inconsistencies.

Answer: C

NEW QUESTION # 154
A computer science student needs to fill some information into a secured Adobe PDF job application that was received from a prospective employer. Instead of requesting a new document that allowed the forms to be completed, the student decides to write a script that pulls passwords from a list of commonly used passwords to try against the secured PDF until the correct password is found or the list is exhausted.
Which cryptography attack is the student attempting?

• A. Man-in-the-middle attack
• B. Dictionary attack
• C. Brute-force attack
• D. Session hijacking

Answer: B

NEW QUESTION # 155
When a security analyst prepares for the formal security assessment - what of the following should be done in order to determine inconsistencies in the secure assets database and verify that system is compliant to the minimum security baseline?

• A. Source code review
• B. Data items and vulnerability scanning
• C. Reviewing the firewalls configuration
• D. Interviewing employees and network engineers

Answer: B

NEW QUESTION # 156
These hackers have limited or no training and know how to use only basic techniques or tools.
What kind of hackers are we talking about?

• A. Black-Hat Hackers A
• B. White-Hat Hackers
• C. Script Kiddies
• D. Gray-Hat Hacker

Answer: C

Explanation:
Script Kiddies: These hackers have limited or no training and know how to use only basictechniques or tools.
Even then they may not understand any or all of what they are doing.

NEW QUESTION # 157
Which rootkit is characterized by its function of adding code and/or replacing some of the operating-system kernel code to obscure a backdoor on a system?

• A. Library-level rootkit
• B. Hypervisor-level rootkit
• C. Kernel-level rootkit
• D. User-mode rootkit

Answer: C

NEW QUESTION # 158
In the field of cryptanalysis, what is meant by a "rubber-hose" attack?

• A. Attempting to decrypt ciphertext by making logical assumptions about the contents of the original plaintext.
• B. A backdoor placed into a cryptographic algorithm by its creator.
• C. Extraction of cryptographic secrets through coercion or torture.
• D. Forcing the targeted keystream through a hardware-accelerated device such as an ASIC.

Answer: C

Explanation:
A powerful and often the most effective cryptanalysis method in which the attack is directed at the most vulnerable link in the cryptosystem - the person. In this attack, the cryptanalyst uses blackmail, threats, torture, extortion, bribery, etc. This method's main advantage is the decryption time's fundamental independence from the volume of secret information, the length of the key, and the cipher's mathematical strength.
The method can reduce the time to guess a password, for example, for AES, to an acceptable level; however, it requires special authorization from the relevant regulatory authorities. Therefore, it is outside the scope of this course and is not considered in its practical part.

NEW QUESTION # 159
User A is writing a sensitive email message to user B outside the local network. User A has chosen to use PKI to secure his message and ensure only user B can read the sensitive email. At what layer of the OSI layer does the encryption and decryption of the message take place?

• A. Presentation
• B. Application
• C. Session
• D. Transport

Answer: A

Explanation:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_layer
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the presentation layer is layer 6 and serves as the data translator for the network. It is sometimes called the syntax layer. The presentation layer is responsible for the formatting and delivery of information to the application layer for further processing or display.
Encryption is typically done at this level too, although it can be done on the application, session, transport, or network layers, each having its own advantages and disadvantages. Decryption is also handled at the presentation layer. For example, when logging on to bank account sites the presentation layer will decrypt the data as it is received.

NEW QUESTION # 160
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