80 Exam Questions for 010-160 Updated Versions With Test Engine
Pass 010-160 Exam with Updated 010-160 Exam Dumps PDF 2025
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NEW QUESTION # 14
Which of the following commands are used to get information on the proper use of ls? (Choose two correct answers.)
- A. usage ls
- B. man ls
- C. info ls
- D. option ls
- E. manual ls
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
Explanation
The commands man ls and info ls are used to get information on the proper use of ls. The man command displays the manual page for a given command, which contains a description, synopsis, options, examples, and other details. The info command displays the info page for a given command, which is similar to the manual page but may have more information and hyperlinks. The option ls, usage ls, and manual ls commands are not valid commands in Linux and will result in an error message. References:
* Linux Essentials Exam Objectives, Version 1.6, Topic 103.1, Weight 2
* Linux Essentials Certification Guide, Chapter 3, Page 51-52
* Ls Command in Linux (List Files and Directories) | Linuxize
NEW QUESTION # 15
What parameter of ls prints a recursive listing of a directory's content? (Specify ONLY the option name without any values or parameters.)
Answer:
Explanation:
ls -R Explanation The -R parameter of the ls command prints a recursive listing of a directory's content, meaning that it will list not only the files and directories in the current directory, but also the files and directories in all the subdirectories12. For example, if you have a directory structure like this:
/home/user/dir1file1file2dir2file3file4
You can use the command ls -R /home/user/ to list all the files and directories recursively, and the output will look like this:
/home/user/: dir1 dir2
/home/user/dir1: file1 file2
/home/user/dir2: file3 file4
The -R parameter is also known as the --recursive option, which is the long form of the same parameter12.
You can use either -R or --recursive to achieve the same result.
References:
* Use ls Command Recursively - Linux Handbook
* How to List Files Recursively in Linux command line
NEW QUESTION # 16
Which files are the source of the information in the following output? (Choose two.) uid=1000 (bob) gid=1000 (bob) groups=1000 (bob), 10 (wheel), 150 (docker), 1001 (libvirt)(wireshark),989
- A. /etc/passwd
- B. /etc/group
- C. /var/db/users
- D. /etc/id
- E. /home/index
Answer: A,B
Explanation:
Explanation
The files /etc/passwd and /etc/group are the source of the information in the following output:
uid=1000 (bob) gid=1000 (bob) groups=1000 (bob), 10 (wheel), 150 (docker), 1001 (libvirt) (wireshark), 989 The /etc/passwd file contains information about user accounts, such as the username, password, user ID (UID), group ID (GID), full name, home directory, and login shell1. The /etc/group file contains information about groups, such as the group name, password, group ID (GID), and members2.
The output shows the UID, GID, and group membership of the user bob. The UID and GID of bob are 1000, which can be found in the /etc/passwd file. The groups that bob belongs to are bob, wheel, docker, libvirt, wireshark, and 989, which can be found in the /etc/group file. The group names are shown in parentheses after the GID, except for the last group, which has no name.
The other options are not files that store user and group information in Linux. The /etc/id file does not exist by default. The /home/index file is not a standard file and has no relation to user and group information. The
/var/db/users file is not a standard file and has no relation to user and group information. References:
* Linux Essentials Exam Objectives, Version 1.6, Topic 103.1, Weight 2
* Linux Essentials Certification Guide, Chapter 3, Page 51-52
* Linux Filesystem Hierarchy, Chapter 3, Page 17-18
* Linux Users and Groups, Chapter 2, Page 9-10
NEW QUESTION # 17
Which of the following commands are used to get information on the proper use of ls? (Choose two correct answers.)
- A. usage ls
- B. man ls
- C. info ls
- D. option ls
- E. manual ls
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
The commands man ls and info ls are used to get information on the proper use of ls. The man command displays the manual page for a given command, which contains a description, synopsis, options, examples, and other details. The info command displays the info page for a given command, which is similar to the manual page but may have more information and hyperlinks. The option ls, usage ls, and manual ls commands are not valid commands in Linux and will result in an error message. Reference:
Linux Essentials Exam Objectives, Version 1.6, Topic 103.1, Weight 2
Linux Essentials Certification Guide, Chapter 3, Page 51-52
Ls Command in Linux (List Files and Directories) | Linuxize
NEW QUESTION # 18
Which of the followingoutputs could stem from the commandlast?
- A. root tty2 Wed May 17 21:11 - 21:11 (00:00)
- B. Password for user last changed at Sat Mar 31 16:38:57 EST 2018
- C. Last login: Fri Mar 23 10:56:39 2018 from server.example.com
- D. EXT4-fs (dm-7): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
- E. 1 ls
2 cat text.txt
3 logout
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 19
Which of the following types of bus can connect hard disk drives with the motherboard?
- A. The SATA bus
- B. The RAM bus
- C. The NUMA bus
- D. The CPU bus
- E. The Auto bus
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 20
Which of the following commands sets the variable USERNAME to the value bob?
- A. USERNAME=bob
- B. USERNAME<=bob
- C. set USERNAME bob
- D. var USERNAME=bob
- E. $USERNAME==bob
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct command to set the variable USERNAME to the value bob is USERNAME=bob. This command assigns the string bob to the variable name USERNAME, using the equal sign (=) as the assignment operator. There is no space around the equal sign, and the variable name and value are case-sensitive. This command sets a shell variable, which is only valid in the current shell session. To make the variable an environment variable, which can be inherited by child processes and subshells, you need to use the export command, such as export USERNAME=bob. The other commands are not valid for setting variables in Linux. The set command is used to set or unset shell options and positional parameters, not variables. The $ sign is used to reference the value of a variable, not to assign it. The == sign is used for comparison, not assignment. The var keyword is not used in Linux, but in some other programming languages. The <= sign is used for redirection, not assignment. Reference:
Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI)
How to Set and List Environment Variables in Linux | Linuxize
NEW QUESTION # 21
Which of the following statements are true regarding a typical shell script? (Choose two.)
- A. It has the executable permission bit set.
- B. It is located in /usr/local/scripts/.
- C. It is located in /etc/bash/scripts/.
- D. It starts with the two character sequence #!.
- E. It is compiled into a binary file compatible with the current machine architecture.
Answer: A,E
NEW QUESTION # 22
What are the differences between hard disk drives and solid state disks? (Choose two correct answers.)
- A. Solid state disks provide faster access to stored data than hard disks.
- B. /dev/sdais a hard disk device while/dev/ssdais a solid state disk.
- C. Hard disks can fail due to physical damage, while solid state disks cannot fail.
- D. Solid state disks can store many times as much data as hard disk drives.
- E. Hard disks have a motor and moving parts, solid state disks do not.
Answer: A,E
Explanation:
Explanation
The main difference between hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid state drives (SSDs) is the way they store and access data. HDDs use a spinning disk (platter) and a moving head to read and write data, while SSDs use flash memory chips that have no moving parts. This makes SSDs faster, quieter, and more durable than HDDs, but also more expensive and less spacious. HDDs and SSDs are both I/O devices that can be used to boot the system and store data, but they have different advantages and disadvantages depending on the use case.
References:
* Difference between Hard Disk Drive (HDD) and Solid State Drive (SSD)
* Hard Disk Drive (HDD) vs. Solid State Drive (SSD): What's the Difference?
* How to Check Whether Your Disk Is an SSD or HDD on Linux
NEW QUESTION # 23
Which files are the source of the information in the following output? (Choose two.) uid=1000 (bob) gid=1000 (bob) groups=1000 (bob), 10 (wheel), 150 (docker), 1001 (libvirt) (wireshark), 989
- A. /etc/passwd
- B. /etc/group
- C. /var/db/users
- D. /etc/id
- E. /home/index
Answer: A,B
NEW QUESTION # 24
Which of the following DNS record types hold an IP address? (Choose two.)
- A. MX
- B. NS
- C. A
- D. CNAME
- E. AAAA
Answer: C,E
Explanation:
Explanation
The DNS record types that hold an IP address are the A and AAAA records. These records are used to map a domain name to an IP address of the host, which is necessary for establishing a connection between a client and a server. The A record holds a 32-bit IPv4 address, while the AAAA record holds a 128-bit IPv6 address.
For example, the A record for www.example.com could be:
www.example.com. IN A 192.0.2.1
This means that the domain name www.example.com resolves to the IPv4 address 192.0.2.1. Similarly, the AAAA record for www.example.com could be:
www.example.com. IN AAAA 2001:db8::1
This means that the domain name www.example.com resolves to the IPv6 address 2001:db8::1.
The other options are incorrect because:
* NS records are used to specify the authoritative name servers for a domain. They do not hold an IP address, but a domain name of the name server. For example, the NS record for example.com could be:
example.com. IN NS ns1.example.com.
This means that the name server ns1.example.com is authoritative for the domain example.com.
* MX records are used to specify the mail exchange servers for a domain. They do not hold an IP address, but a domain name of the mail server and a preference value. For example, the MX record for example.com could be:
example.com. IN MX 10 mail.example.com.
This means that the mail server mail.example.com has a preference value of 10 for receiving email for the domain example.com.
* CNAME records are used to create an alias for a domain name. They do not hold an IP address, but another domain name that the alias points to. For example, the CNAME record for www.example.com could be:
www.example.com. IN CNAME example.com.
This means that the domain name www.example.com is an alias for the domain name example.com.
References:
* DNS Record Types: Defined and Explained - Site24x7
* List of DNS record types - Wikipedia
NEW QUESTION # 25
When typing a long command line at the shell, what single character can be used to split a command across multiple lines?
Answer:
Explanation:
\
Explanation:
The backslash character () is used to escape the meaning of the next character in a command line. This means that the next character is treated as a literal character, not as a special character. For example, if you want to use a space in a file name, you can use a backslash before the space to prevent the shell from interpreting it as a separator. Similarly, if you want to split a long command line across multiple lines, you can use a backslash at the end of each line to tell the shell that the command is not finished yet. The shell will ignore the newline character and continue reading the next line as part of the same command. For example, you can write:
ls -l
/home/user/Documents
instead of:
ls -l /home/user/Documents
Both commands will produce the same output, but the first one is easier to read and type. Reference:
Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI), section 2.1.2
2.1 Command Line Basics - Linux Professional Institute Certification Programs, slide 7.
NEW QUESTION # 26
A directory contains the following three files:
texts 1.txt
texts 2.txt
texts 3.csv
Which command copies the two files ending in .txt to the /tmp/ directory?
- A. cp *.txt /tmp/
- B. cp ?.txt /tmp/
- C. cp. \.txt /tmp/
- D. cp ??.txt /tmp/
- E. cp $?.txt /tmp/
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct command to copy the two files ending in .txt to the /tmp/ directory is cp *.txt /tmp/. This command uses the wildcard character * to match any number of characters before the .txt extension. Therefore, it will copy both texts 1.txt and texts 2.txt to the destination directory /tmp/. The other options are incorrect because they use different wildcard characters or syntax that do not match the desired files. For example, option A uses ?? to match exactly two characters before the .txt extension, but the files have a space and a number, which are not considered as one character. Option C uses a backslash \ to escape the dot . before the .txt extension, but this is unnecessary and will cause the command to fail. Option D uses ? to match exactly one character before the .txt extension, but the files have more than one character. Option E uses $? to match the exit status of the previous command before the .txt extension, but this is not relevant and will cause the command to fail123 Reference: 1: Linux wildcards | How do wildcards work in Linux with examples? - EDUCBA 2: Wildcards in Linux explained with 10 examples | FOSS Linux 3: What are wildcard characters in Linux? - Sage-Answers
NEW QUESTION # 27
How is a new Linux computing instance provisioned in an laaS cloud?
- A. After buying a Linux distribution, its vendor delivers it to a cloud instance.
- B. The installation has to be prepared in a local virtual machine which is then copied to the cloud.
- C. The standard Linux installer has to be run through a remote console.
- D. A provider-specific configuration file describing the desired installation is uploaded to the cloud provider.
- E. The cloud hosting organization provides a set of pre-prepared images of popular Linux distributions.
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation
In an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cloud, the provider offers virtualized computing resources such as servers, storage, and network over the internet. The user can provision and manage these resources according to their needs. One of the common ways to provision a new Linux computing instance in an IaaS cloud is to use a pre-prepared image of a Linux distribution provided by the cloud hosting organization. An image is a snapshot of a virtual machine that contains the operating system and other software components. The user can choose from a variety of images that suit their requirements and launch a new instance from the image. This way, the user does not have to install and configure the Linux operating system from scratch, which saves time and effort. Some examples of cloud hosting organizations that provide pre-prepared images of popular Linux distributions are Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform (GCP), and DigitalOcean. References: Linux Essentials - Topic 108: Cloud Computing and Linux Essentials - Topic 108:
Cloud Computing - Exam Objectives
NEW QUESTION # 28
Which of the following devices represents a hard disk partition?
- A. /dev/part0
- B. /dev/ttyS0
- C. /dev/sata0
- D. /dev/sda2
- E. /dev/sda/p2
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The correct device name that represents a hard disk partition is /dev/sda2. This device name follows the Linux convention for naming hard disk devices and partitions. According to this convention123:
* The first part of the device name indicates the type of the device. For example, /dev/hd* for IDE drives,
/dev/sd* for SCSI, SATA, USB, or eSATA drives, /dev/nvme* for NVMe drives, etc.
* The second part of the device name indicates the order of the device as detected by the system. For example, /dev/sda is the first serial drive, /dev/sdb is the second serial drive, and so on.
* The third part of the device name indicates the number of the partition on the device. For example,
/dev/sda1 is the first partition on the first serial drive, /dev/sda2 is the second partition on the first serial drive, and so on.
Therefore, /dev/sda2 means the second partition on the first serial drive, which is a valid hard disk partition.
The other options are not valid hard disk partitions, because they do not follow the Linux convention. For example:
* /dev/ttyS0 is a serial port device, not a hard disk device4.
* /dev/sata0 is not a valid device name, because it does not specify the partition number. It should be something like /dev/sata0p1 or /dev/sata0p2, etc.
* /dev/part0 is not a valid device name, because it does not specify the device type or the partition number. It should be something like /dev/sdXp0 or /dev/hdXp0, etc.
* /dev/sda/p2 is not a valid device name, because it uses a slash (/) instead of a number to indicate the partition. It should be something like /dev/sda2 or /dev/sda3, etc.
References: 1: Hard drive/device partition naming convention in Linux - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange 2:
Hard drive partition naming convention in Linux - Ask Ubuntu 3: C.4. Device Names in Linux - Debian 4:
What is /dev/ttyS0? - Quora
NEW QUESTION # 29
Which of the following is a protocol used for automatic IP address configuration?
- A. LDAP
- B. DHCP
- C. NFS
- D. DNS
- E. SMTP
Answer: B
Explanation:
DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It is a protocol that provides quick, automatic, and central management for the distribution of IP addresses within a network. It also configures other network information, such as the subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server information, on the device1. DHCP uses a client/server architecture, where a DHCP server issues unique IP addresses and automatically configures the devices that request them2. DHCP allows devices to move freely from one network to another and receive an IP address automatically, which is helpful with mobile devices1.
The other options are not protocols used for automatic IP address configuration. NFS stands for Network File System, which is a protocol that allows a user to access and modify files over a network as if they were on their own computer. LDAP stands for Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, which is a protocol that provides access to a centralized directory service that stores information about users, groups, computers, and other resources on a network. SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, which is a protocol that enables the sending and receiving of email messages over a network. DNS stands for Domain Name System, which is a protocol that translates domain names into IP addresses and vice versa. Reference:
Linux Essentials Exam Objectives, Version 1.6, Topic 105.1, Weight 4
What Is DHCP? (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) - Lifewire
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) | Microsoft Learn
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - Wikipedia
How does AutoIP work? - Barix
[Network File System - Wikipedia]
[Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Wikipedia]
[Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - Wikipedia]
[Domain Name System - Wikipedia]
NEW QUESTION # 30
Which of the following examples shows the general structure of a for loop in a shell script?
- A. for *.txt as file => echo $file
- B. for *.txt ( echo $i )
- C. for file in *.txt do
echo $i done - D. foreach @{file} { echo $i
} - E. for ls *.txt exec {} \;
Answer: C
Explanation:
The general structure of a for loop in a shell script is as follows12:
for variable in list do commands done
The variable is the name of a loop counter or iterator that takes on the values of the items in the list. The list can be a sequence of words, numbers, filenames, or the output of a command. The commands are the body of the loop that are executed for each value of the variable. The do and done keywords mark the beginning and the end of the loop body.
The option C. for file in *.txt do echo $i done follows this structure, with the variable being file, the list being *.txt (which matches all the files with the .txt extension in the current directory), and the command being echo $i (which prints the value of the variable i, which is presumably set somewhere else in the script).
The other options are incorrect because:
A . for *.txt as file => echo $file uses an invalid syntax for a for loop. The as keyword is not part of the shell script syntax, and the => symbol is not a valid operator. The correct way to write this loop would be:
for file in *.txt do echo $file done
B . for *.txt ( echo $i ) uses an invalid syntax for a for loop. The parentheses are not part of the shell script syntax, and the loop body is missing the do and done keywords. The correct way to write this loop would be:
for i in *.txt do echo $i done
D . for ls *.txt exec {} ; uses an invalid syntax for a for loop. The ls command is not a valid variable name, and the exec {} ; is not a valid command. This looks like a mix of a for loop and a find command. The correct way to write this loop would be:
for file in *.txt do exec $file done
E . foreach @{file} { echo $i } uses an invalid syntax for a for loop. The foreach keyword is not part of the shell script syntax, and the @{file} and { echo $i } are not valid expressions. This looks like a mix of a for loop and a Perl syntax. The correct way to write this loop would be:
for file in * do echo $file done
Reference:
Looping Statements | Shell Script - GeeksforGeeks
How do I write a 'for' loop in Bash? - Stack Overflow
NEW QUESTION # 31
Which of the following Linux Distributions is derived from Red Hat Enterprise Linux?
- A. Debian
- B. CentOS
- C. Raspbian
- D. Ubuntu
- E. openSUSE
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 32
Which files are the source of the information in the following output? (Choose two.) uid=1000 (bob) gid=1000 (bob) groups=1000 (bob), 10 (wheel), 150 (docker), 1001 (libvirt) (wireshark), 989
- A. /etc/passwd
- B. /etc/group
- C. /var/db/users
- D. /etc/id
- E. /home/index
Answer: A,B
Explanation:
The files /etc/passwd and /etc/group are the source of the information in the following output:
uid=1000 (bob) gid=1000 (bob) groups=1000 (bob), 10 (wheel), 150 (docker), 1001 (libvirt) (wireshark), 989 The /etc/passwd file contains information about user accounts, such as the username, password, user ID (UID), group ID (GID), full name, home directory, and login shell1. The /etc/group file contains information about groups, such as the group name, password, group ID (GID), and members2.
The output shows the UID, GID, and group membership of the user bob. The UID and GID of bob are 1000, which can be found in the /etc/passwd file. The groups that bob belongs to are bob, wheel, docker, libvirt, wireshark, and 989, which can be found in the /etc/group file. The group names are shown in parentheses after the GID, except for the last group, which has no name.
The other options are not files that store user and group information in Linux. The /etc/id file does not exist by default. The /home/index file is not a standard file and has no relation to user and group information. The /var/db/users file is not a standard file and has no relation to user and group information. Reference:
Linux Essentials Exam Objectives, Version 1.6, Topic 103.1, Weight 2
Linux Essentials Certification Guide, Chapter 3, Page 51-52
Linux Filesystem Hierarchy, Chapter 3, Page 17-18
Linux Users and Groups, Chapter 2, Page 9-10
NEW QUESTION # 33
What information is stored in /etc/passwd? (Choose three correct answers.)
- A. The encrypted password
- B. The username
- C. The user\s default shell
- D. The user's storage space limit
- E. The numerical user ID
Answer: B,C,E
Explanation:
The /etc/passwd file is a plain text-based database that contains information for all user accounts on the system. It is owned by root and has 644 permissions. The file can only be modified by root or users with sudo privileges and readable by all system users. Each line of the /etc/passwd file contains seven comma-separated fields, representing a user account. The fields are as follows:
Username: The string you type when you log into the system. Each username must be a unique string on the machine. The maximum length of the username is restricted to 32 characters.
Password: In older Linux systems, the user's encrypted password was stored in the /etc/passwd file. On most modern systems, this field is set to x, and the user password is stored in the /etc/shadow file.
User ID (UID): The user identifier is a number assigned to each user by the operating system to refer to a user. It is used by the kernel to check for the user privileges and grant access to system resources. The UID 0 is reserved for the root user and cannot be assigned to any other user.
Group ID (GID): The user's group identifier number, referring to the user's primary group. When a user creates a file, the file's group is set to this group. Typically, the name of the group is the same as the name of the user. User's secondary groups are listed in the /etc/group file.
User ID Info (GECOS): This is a comment field. This field contains a list of comma-separated values with the following information: User's full name or the application name, Room number, Work phone number, Home phone number, Other contact information.
Home directory: The absolute path to the user's home directory. It contains the user's files and configurations. By default, the user home directories are named after the name of the user and created under the /home directory.
Login shell: The absolute path to the user's login shell. This is the shell that is started when the user logs into the system. On most Linux distributions, the default login shell is Bash.
Therefore, the correct answers are B, C, and E. The user's storage space limit (A) is not stored in the /etc/passwd file, but in the /etc/quota file. The encrypted password (D) is not stored in the /etc/passwd file, but in the /etc/shadow file. Reference:
Linux Essentials Topic 104: The Linux Operating System, section 104.4: Runlevels and Boot Targets.
Linux Essentials Topic 106: Security and File Permissions, section 106.1: Basic security and identifying user types.
Linux Essentials Topic 106: Security and File Permissions, section 106.2: Creating users and groups.
Understanding the /etc/passwd File | Linuxize
Understanding the /etc/passwd File - GeeksforGeeks
passwd(5) - Linux manual page - man7.org
Understanding /etc/passwd file in Linux - DEV Community
NEW QUESTION # 34
What information is stored in/etc/passwd? (Choose three correct answers.)
- A. The encrypted password
- B. The username
- C. The user\s default shell
- D. The user's storage space limit
- E. The numerical user ID
Answer: B,C,E
Explanation:
Explanation
The /etc/passwd file is a plain text-based database that contains information for all user accounts on the system. It is owned by root and has 644 permissions. The file can only be modified by root or users with sudo privileges and readable by all system users. Each line of the /etc/passwd file contains seven comma-separated fields, representing a user account. The fields are as follows:
* Username: The string you type when you log into the system. Each username must be a unique string on the machine. The maximum length of the username is restricted to 32 characters.
* Password: In older Linux systems, the user's encrypted password was stored in the /etc/passwd file. On most modern systems, this field is set to x, and the user password is stored in the /etc/shadow file.
* User ID (UID): The user identifier is a number assigned to each user by the operating system to refer to a user. It is used by the kernel to check for the user privileges and grant access to system resources. The UID 0 is reserved for the root user and cannot be assigned to any other user.
* Group ID (GID): The user's group identifier number, referring to the user's primary group. When a user creates a file, the file's group is set to this group. Typically, the name of the group is the same as the name of the user. User's secondary groups are listed in the /etc/group file.
* User ID Info (GECOS): This is a comment field. This field contains a list of comma-separated values with the following information: User's full name or the application name, Room number, Work phone number, Home phone number, Other contact information.
* Home directory: The absolute path to the user's home directory. It contains the user's files and configurations. By default, the user home directories are named after the name of the user and created under the /home directory.
* Login shell: The absolute path to the user's login shell. This is the shell that is started when the user logs into the system. On most Linux distributions, the default login shell is Bash.
Therefore, the correct answers are B, C, and E. The user's storage space limit (A) is not stored in the
/etc/passwd file, but in the /etc/quota file. The encrypted password (D) is not stored in the /etc/passwd file, but in the /etc/shadow file. References:
* Linux Essentials Topic 104: The Linux Operating System, section 104.4: Runlevels and Boot Targets.
* Linux Essentials Topic 106: Security and File Permissions, section 106.1: Basic security and identifying user types.
* Linux Essentials Topic 106: Security and File Permissions, section 106.2: Creating users and groups.
* Understanding the /etc/passwd File | Linuxize
* Understanding the /etc/passwd File - GeeksforGeeks
* passwd(5) - Linux manual page - man7.org
* Understanding /etc/passwd file in Linux - DEV Community
NEW QUESTION # 35
A user is currently in the directory/home/user/Downloads/and runs the command ls ../Documents/ Assuming it exists, which directory's content is displayed?
- A. /home/user/Documents/Downloads/
- B. /home/user/Documents/
- C. /home/Documents
- D. /Documents/
- E. /home/user/Downloads/Documents/
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The command ls .../Documents/ lists the contents of the directory /home/user/Documents/. The reason is that the argument .../Documents/ is a relative path that refers to the parent directory of the current directory, which is /home/user/, followed by the subdirectory Documents/. The ls command displays the files and directories in the specified path, or the current directory if no path is given. The command does not change the current directory, so the user remains in /home/user/Downloads/. References:
* Linux Essentials Exam Objectives, Version 1.6, Topic 103.1, Weight 2
* Linux Essentials Certification Guide, Chapter 3, Page 49-50
* Ls Command in Linux (List Files and Directories) | Linuxize
NEW QUESTION # 36
A directory contains the following files:
What would be the output of the following shell script?
for file in *.txt
- A. A.txt
- B. a b
- C. c.cav
- D. *.txt
- E. A. txt
b. txt
Answer: E
NEW QUESTION # 37
Which of the followingtaroptions handle compression? (Choose two correct answers.)
- A. -z
- B. -bz
- C. -j
- D. -g
- E. -z2
Answer: A,C
Explanation:
Explanation
The tar command is used to create or extract compressed archive files that contain multiple files or directories.
The tar command has the following syntax: tar [options] [archive-file] [file or directory...]. The options argument specifies how the tar command should operate and what kind of compression should be used. The archive-file argument is the name of the archive file to be created or extracted. The file or directory argument is the name of one or more files or directories to be included in or extracted from the archive file.
The following are some of the common options for the tar command:
* -c: create a new archive file.
* -x: extract files from an existing archive file.
* -t: list the contents of an archive file.
* -v: show the progress of the operation.
* -f: specify the name of the archive file.
* -z: use gzip compression or decompression.
* -j: use bzip2 compression or decompression.
* -J: use xz compression or decompression.
The options -z and -j are used to handle compression with the tar command. The option -z uses the gzip program to compress or decompress the archive file, which usually has the extension .tar.gz or .tgz. The option
-j uses the bzip2 program to compress or decompress the archive file, which usually has the extension .tar.bz2 or .tbz. Both gzip and bzip2 are popular compression programs that reduce the size of files by removing redundant or unnecessary information.
For example, to create a compressed archive file called backup.tar.gz that contains the files and directories in the current directory, the following command can be used:
tar -czvf backup.tar.gz .
To extract the files and directories from the archive file backup.tar.gz to the current directory, the following command can be used:
tar -xzvf backup.tar.gz
To create a compressed archive file called backup.tar.bz2 that contains the files and directories in the current directory, the following command can be used:
tar -cjvf backup.tar.bz2 .
To extract the files and directories from the archive file backup.tar.bz2 to the current directory, the following command can be used:
tar -xjvf backup.tar.bz2
The other options in the question are not related to compression. The option -bz is invalid, as there is no such option for the tar command. The option -g is used to create or update an incremental archive file, which only contains the files that have changed since the last backup. The option -z2 is also invalid, as there is no such option for the tar command. References:
* Linux Essentials Version 1.6 Objectives: 3.1. Archiving Files on the Command Line1
* Linux Essentials Version 1.6 Exam Study Resources: Linux Essentials Manual - Chapter 9. The Power of the Command Line - 9.1. Archiving Files on the Command Line - 9.1.1. The tar Command2
* Linux Essentials Version 1.6 Exam Study Resources: Linux Essentials Manual - Appendix A. Answers to the Exercises - Chapter 9. The Power of the Command Line - 9.1. Archiving Files on the Command Line - Exercise 9.1.12
NEW QUESTION # 38
What command displays manual pages? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)
Answer:
Explanation:
man
NEW QUESTION # 39
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